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U
UPWELLING: The process by which
water rises from a lower to a higher depth, usually as
a result of divergence and offshore currents. It influences
climate by bringing colder, more nutrient-rich water
to the surface. This is a vital factor of the El Niño
event.
UNIVERSAL TIME COORDINATE (UTC): One of several names for the twenty-four hour time that is used throughout the scientific and military communities. Other names for this time measurement are Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Zulu Time (Z). See Greenwich Mean Time for more information.
V
VORTEX: Any circular or rotary flow in the atmosphere that possesses vorticity.
VORTEX FIX: The location of the surface and/or flight level center of a tropical or subtropical cyclone obtained by reconnaissance aircraft penetration.
VORTICITY: The measurement of the rotation of a small air parcel. It has vorticity when the parcel spins as it moves along its path. Although the axis of the rotation can extend in any direction, meteorologists are primarily concerned with the rotational motion about an axis that is perpendicular to the earth's surface. If it does not spin, it is said to have zero vorticity. In the Northern Hemisphere, the vorticity is positive when the parcel has a counterclockwise, or cyclonic, rotation. It is negative when the parcel has clockwise, or anticyclonic, rotation.
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